Essay on “Ethics and true and fair view in financial reporting”

Essay on â€Å"Ethics and true and fair view in financial reporting† Financial reporting Financial reporting according to Pervan et al. (2010) is presenting all the relevant financial information of a business in a structured way for easy comprehension. A look at Tesco’s financial statements, there is a clear indication that that it is specifically aimed at impressing the shareholders(Tesco, 2012). The company may be giving true and accurate information but the focus is on creating benefit to stakeholders involved including customers and shareholders. For instance, the review by the chief executive focuses on strengthening the company for the future and there are numerous illustrations that show the company’s impressive performance and organizational culture(Tesco, 2012). Just like in many other company reports, too much focus is laid on the positive outcomes about the company’s operations. According to Hardin (2002), this is a common way for corporate to use financial reporting as a means of hiding behind formalities(Hardin, 2002). Financial reporting is not only crucial to the companies that send out the report but also to public agencies, competitors, business partners, consumers and investors who receive and use the reports. Enderlie (2004) says that during reporting, companies portray and explicitly convey an image of their philosophies and activities to the public. He further says that the companies use reporting as a means to enhance their reputation and be accountable for their activities and objectives. With regards to the recipients of the report, Enderlie says that they need some truthful information to base their decision on and to hold the corporations accountable(Enderlie, 2004). This further implies that financial reports cannot primarily be designed for shareholders alone. Companies cannot make an assumption that shareholders are finance specialists or the industry. It is for this reason that other users such as banks, customers, suppliers, governments, and employees have to be considered during preparation of the report. There is a lot of vested interest from all these recipients. Other authors such as Albert (2002) agree with these assertions of Enderlie (2004). Albert even goes ahead to cite examples of cases that support the importance of ethics in financial reporting. For instance, the collapse of Enron was due to unethical practices in financial reporting. The free market policy is basically made possible by the ability of stakeholders to properly evaluate the financial disclosures of companies(Criado-jimà ©nez, et al., 2008). The accuracy of the information presented in the financial reports is not supposed to be subjected to individual evaluation by stakeholders. However, the interpretation of the information in the reports is subject to individual evaluation(Enderlie, 2004). Aims of financial reporting There are several aims of financial reporting identified by scholars. Frecka (2008) says that financial reporting is useful in identifying the economic resources of a company. The reports can also be used to identify the claims to economic resources of a company and the impact that circumstances, events, and transactions will have on the identified resources(Ionescu, 2010). Potential and existing investors and creditors are among the group of focus in financial reporting. This is because they use the statements to assess the uncertainty, timing, and amount of cash inflows to a company(Jo Kim, 2008). In addition, financial reporting is useful to both potential and existing creditors and investors for making important decisions relating to investment and credits(Frecka, 2008). The role of ethics in financial reporting According to surveys conducted by Gallup, there is evidence of dishonesty by business people in the corporate world. Compared to other sectors, the poll showed that business people have a 25 percent level of honoring ethical practices in their reporting(Marx Els, 2009). This is quite a low figure. Gibson (2002) says that it is likely that such polls are discriminating and biased against corporations. However, the one thing that makes them to be more accurate and significant is the fact that they are individually reviewed(Gibson, 2002). Because of the numerous concerns about the accuracy and comprehensiveness of corporate financial reporting, analysts have always sought to answer the question whether corporations use financial reporting to hide behind their formalities or represent a true substance of their performance(Palmrose Saul, 2001). Ethics in financial reporting therefore refers to the standards and requirements of trust and transparency by auditors, certifiers, corporate, and any other individual who uses the financial reports. According to Staubus (2005), little attention was given to truthfulness and honesty in reporting before the occurrence of the major scandals of Enron and Andersen in the US. Staubus notes that the reports were believed to be accurate because ofthey were subjected to auditing by publicly recognized auditors. But the point is that auditors can also take part in unethical practices in financial reporting. He therefore notes that the ethics of reporting is a serious problem witnessed by professionals within the financial sector(Zeff, 2003). The problem is not only concentrated in the US but also in companies from other regions such as Europe(Blake, et al., 1996). Trust and truthfulness of financial reporting is argued to be very complex and that it takes more than just decisions and actions of accounting professionals and corporate executives to enforce ethical practices in reporting(Xu, et al., 2007). Even though the cited cases of Enron and Andersen indicated that the problem lied at the micro level or the individual level of all aspect of a company, it would still be unfair to lay blame on individuals(Jo Kim, 2008). The macro level or the regulatory level can also be considered since it plays a significant role in preventing unethical practices in reporting. Importance of ethics It is important to have ethical standards in financial management as well as reporting because issues to do with finances can sometimes make professionals do strange things(Stolowy Breton, 2004). Most of the applications used in accounting and finance are designed in such a way that organizations and their constituents can use them to their benefits. This makes it possible for accounting and finance professionals to move around numbers in all different ways just to ensure they add up in a particular manner(Roychowdbury, 2006). In response to such kind of practices, companies have to adopt ethics in financial management so that they can have a source of guidance. Without the moral barometer, cases of mismanagement and unethical practices in reporting will remain to be witnessed. Frecka (2008) says that without considering ethical standards in reporting, it is hard to create limitations or boundaries to corporate culture. With the nature of accounting, management decisions about statements and financial reports become necessary. Management decisions impact reporting and cause it to range from fraud to high quality reporting at both extreme ends of the spectrum(Rockness Rockness, 2005). This implies that some management decisions during financial reporting can be regarded as unethical but not fraudulent(Kalbers, 2009). The three ethics models that are commonly used in management decision include deontology, utilitarianism, and virtue ethics. When considering the Kant’s deontological approach to ethical decision making, the results or consequences of action has little significance in establishing what is right or wrong(Nandi, 2006). This implies that the consequences of unethical practices in financial reporting have very little significance of determining whether the practices are moral or immoral. In this view, the end is not related to the means used to reach the end and the results cannot be used to justify the means. Therefore, Kant argues that the bottom line is to maintain the standards of morality irrespective of the outcome(Nandi, 2006). When it comes to financial reporting, as long as a company meets the standards of reporting, the outcome does not matter. The other model of ethical decision making is utilitarianism which gives considerations to the consequences of an action. Essentially, this approach requires individuals to only do the actions that have the best results. According to Ugleitta (2001), in order for an individual to act morally, he or she has to choose the actions that bring the best outcome. Therefore, if an individual is aware that the outcome or consequence of one action is better compared to those of another action, common sense should dictate that the individual chooses the one with the best outcome. Utilitarianism can be used in making financial decision in organizations(Bok, 1999). Lastly, according to virtue ethics model, a lot of emphasis is laid on moral characters or virtues. It contrasts with deontological approach which emphasizes on rules or duties and utilitarian approach which emphasizes on the consequences of an action. Supposing it is obvious that accounting professionals should always give true and accurate information during reporting, a virtue ethicists will point out to the fact it is good to be honest. According to the utilitarian model, the argument will be based on the fact that giving truthful information has consequences beneficial to many people; while deontologists will argue that giving truthful information honors rules and standards of morality despite the outcome(Nandi, 2006). Trust and transparency are the most basic aspects in proper financial reporting. Looking at this from the angle of utilitarianism, finance managers have to be aware that the trust and transparency will bring the best positive and beneficial outcome in reporting. The benefits of transparency and trust will be felt by the company as well as every other recipient of financial reporting. The confidence of shareholders, employees, governments, banks, suppliers, and customers to companies will increase(Pervan, et al., 2010). On the contrary, if financial managers decide to engage in unethical practices during reporting, the outcome will be detrimental to all the stakeholders involved as well as the company. Some of the cases cited as examples of compromised ethical standards in finance reporting provided by Albert (2002) include: the case of IBM, Global Crossing, and Enron. True and fair view in financial reporting True and fair view in financial reporting has been a subject to debate by many financial analysts with regards to their usefulness, importance, and meaning. In addition, the general accepted principles of accounting have also been subjected to debate. According to Kirk (2001), true and fair view in financial reporting is closely associated with judgment. He distinguishes the true and fair view from the general accepted accounting principles and says that the latter tends to be rule based as there are established standards expected to be followed. Kirk points out that there is no specific definition in true and fair judgment in financial accounting. This therefore allows users to make professional judgment and find meaning of the phrase ‘true and fair’ through usage(Blake, et al., 1996). Interpretation of accounting statements requires fairness and truth in order for the information presented within the statements to be reliable. Assets and liabilities reported in financi al statements have to have a one to one relationship with the quantities they purport to measure(Blake, et al., 1996). What is considered to be true and fair, can only be established through professional judgment. The intention behind the use of this view is associated with the wider moral stances within the society. The view makes an attempt to balance between the abuse and use of power during reporting by providing judgment based on legal standards. Several scholars have agreed to the fact that both the terms truth and fair do not have precise definition(Blake, et al., 1996). For instance, truth has a nature to be either absolute or relative. However, despite this fact, the concept of truth has been applied in accounting and research. The concept of fairness has also been described to be very open. It varies in several degrees and subjected to individual interpretation and application. Scholars, and analysts also agree to the fact that time and place can be factor that causes both truth and fairness to vary(Blake, et al., 1996). It is for this reason that one cannot be surprised when such varying patterns are witnessed during financial reporting. The concept of true and fair view is therefore a very slippery one when relating it in accounting and financial reporting. Circumstances can actually be used to give meaning to the concept rather than the definition of the concept. According to (Jo Kim, 2008), in order for financial managers to achieve a true a fair judgment in their reporting, they have to present data both in a manner that is easily understood by others and a manner that is impartial. This is however in contrast to the definition of fairness by other authors, who tend to describe the concept as applying judgment to rules and standards which are already established. Instead of being neutral to matters that raise different interest, it is only fair if one follows the rules. Other authors have also leaned more towards the general accepted accounting principles to be the description of truth and fair(Blake, et al., 1996). Hence, when the accounting principles are applied consistently, it will amount to true and fair judgment. From the discussion of the concept of true and fair view in application of accounting theory and general reporting, it is clear that financial reports go against the three ethical models. Both fairness and truth are considered to be relative, abstract, and subject to individual interpretation. Circumstances and time can be used to determine application of financial standards during reporting. The model of utilitarianism may fail to apply during financial reporting because the outcome does not matter. The concept of fairness and truth allows different circumstances to determine whether to apply standards of financial reporting. The Tesco financial statement 2012 uses the model of utilitarianism where a lot of consideration is given to the outcome of the accounting practices. The company focuses on ensuring that the financial reporting brings benefit to all the stakeholders involved.

Marriage Success and The Psychology Behind It - 1235 Words

Marriage Success and the Psychology behind it What are the effects of 1) parental marriage status and 2) attitudes towards marriage, on marriage success? SPECIFIC AIMS By analyzing an individual’s parental marital status and through observing individuals in the course of adolescent dating and/or young adult marriage, one can measure the attitudes and expectations concerning marriage. Young adults who have either came from a home of divorced parents or an intact family will affect the attitude toward marital relationships and the value of them. Whether the young adult has positive or negative outlook of marriage is strongly correlated with family they come from. Individuals with positive attitudes about marriage that have†¦show more content†¦RESEARCH STRATEGY a. Significance Parental divorce and family conflicts during adolescence bear a great deal of influence on the quality of early adult marriages. This relationship the child has with their parents and whether they lived in a divorced or intact home has importance correlated to the value of marital relationships of early adulthood. There is a correlation between family conflict and early adolescent dating. Exchange Theory calculates that individuals who embrace attitudes that are leaning toward divorce are less likely to try and save their marriage. On the other hand, the cognitive dissonance theory calculates that individuals who are involved in the diminishing of the satisfaction of marriage, embrace attitudes leaning toward divorce as they decide whether to leave the marriage. Data provide stronger support for the exchange theory hypothesis. (Rogers, Stacy J., Amato, Paul R. 1999). Embracing other attitudes toward divorce reflects the undermining of the satisfaction and value of ma rriage in the stretch of things. Individuals who come from home of divorced parents have a greater complex view of marriage. 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Women Of The United States - 861 Words

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Elvis Presley and the Rock n Roll Transformation Essay Example For Students

Elvis Presley and the Rock n Roll Transformation Essay This critique will contrast the pop song Jailhouse Rock with reggae track Legalize It. The songs will be compared in musical aesthetic, rhythmic properties, song form and structure, harmonic progression and melodic contour, the dynamic relationship between harmony and melody as well as the lyrical content. As my pop piece, I have selected the classic Jailhouse Rock by Elvis Presley. I define this as a popular song because it charted at number 1 in the Billboard Hot 100 Charts (All Music, 2014) and the UK Singles Chart (Official Charts, 2014). The song is set at about 150bpm. Seven seconds into the song (having already laid the foundations of the track with Scotty Moore’s memorable riff), Elvis begins to sing the verse lyrics over the same intro Riff in a tenor/countertenor. At 18 seconds the song has already stepped into the chorus section, which delivers a short 12 bar blues turnaround in the same key but away from the initial riff. At 30 seconds it repeats the verse and chorus. At 57 seconds it repeats the verse and chorus again. After the 3rd chorus we reach the guitar solo, which is played over a short 3-chord turnaround and then flies straight into the 4th verse and chorus. We then have a 5th verse and chorus. The chorus is repeated along with the ‘Jailhouse rock’ refrain until the song is faded out to its conclusion. The song essentially follows a verse-chorus structure with a guitar break two-thirds through. So we’d say its in an ABABABCABAB format. This is easy on the listener’s ear and allows the chorus to stay fresh in the mind at all times, creating a memorable refrain. The song lasts for 2:35 seconds but manages to fit 5 verses and choruses, as well as a solo. This keeps the listener’s attention. The contrasting rhythmic elements of the beat between the verse and the chorus give it a great dynamic. It’s constantly up and down, creating a wonderful tension throughout. Elvis’ melodic contour is of the same register throughout, in a pentatonic blues style, which adds more contrast and colour to the track. The lyrics invite listeners to dance and have a good time no matter how bad things get. For example, the fourth verse (Lieber/Stoller, 1956) says: The sad sack was a sittin’ on a block of stone, Way over in the corner weepin’ all alone, The warden said, hey, buddy, don’t you be no square, If you cant find a partner use a wooden chair. ’ These lyrics suggest that even if you’re all alone in a jail cell, you can always dance with the wooden chair you’re sitting on! It has been suggested that Jailhouse Rock has homosexual undertones. Lyrics say â€Å"You’re the cutest jailbird I ever did see† (Lieber/Stoller, 1956) and as Cracked points out, â€Å"Last time we checked, prison wasnt co-ed† (2011). But for me it’s just a clever way of getting people to dance-anything goes when the music rolls. In contrast, I’d like to talk about a song called Legalize It by Peter Tosh. Peter Tosh was the lead guitarist in Bob Marley’s Wailers before going solo and releasing this self-titled album in 1976 (Independent, 2013). The track is in a traditional reggae rhythm of 72bpm in a 4/4 time that allows for the offbeat to create the reggae feel. The Guitar chords are F#-E repeated on the offbeat locking with the drums to create a really tight groovy rhythm. The bass riff is bang on with the first two beats of the bar locking in with the bass drum which is also placed at the first two beats of the bar. This is a classic example of a rhythm section being totally locked in to again, create that rock steady/reggae rhythm. The track doesn’t have many dynamics apart from the introduction leading into the song. It is then broken up with drum fills and a couple of guitar licks around the chords. The vocal contour is of a similar nature throughout both the verse and the chorus refrain of â€Å"Legalize It. .u69e9e609c1270f7fb7a5ef9ebf35401b , .u69e9e609c1270f7fb7a5ef9ebf35401b .postImageUrl , .u69e9e609c1270f7fb7a5ef9ebf35401b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u69e9e609c1270f7fb7a5ef9ebf35401b , .u69e9e609c1270f7fb7a5ef9ebf35401b:hover , .u69e9e609c1270f7fb7a5ef9ebf35401b:visited , .u69e9e609c1270f7fb7a5ef9ebf35401b:active { border:0!important; } .u69e9e609c1270f7fb7a5ef9ebf35401b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u69e9e609c1270f7fb7a5ef9ebf35401b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u69e9e609c1270f7fb7a5ef9ebf35401b:active , .u69e9e609c1270f7fb7a5ef9ebf35401b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u69e9e609c1270f7fb7a5ef9ebf35401b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u69e9e609c1270f7fb7a5ef9ebf35401b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u69e9e609c1270f7fb7a5ef9ebf35401b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u69e9e609c1270f7fb7a5ef9ebf35401b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u69e9e609c1270f7fb7a5ef9ebf35401b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u69e9e609c1270f7fb7a5ef9ebf35401b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u69e9e609c1270f7fb7a5ef9ebf35401b .u69e9e609c1270f7fb7a5ef9ebf35401b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u69e9e609c1270f7fb7a5ef9ebf35401b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music For Children Essay SummaryThe structure is constant but the lyrics represent an ABABBABAB format with the verse repeated twice after the first chorus. Unlike â€Å"Jailhouse Rock†, this track does not jump from verse to chorus at the same pace but does have a verse-chorus structure. Both the chorus and verse of Legalize It are based over the two chords mentioned above (F#-E), whereas Jailhouse Rock uses a separate chord structure for both its verse and chorus. Legalize It simply alternates between the verse and chorus lyrics creating a hypnotic feel or ‘stoned’ feel. This perfectly suits the lyrics, which are a clear message to the legalization of marijuana, and the freedom and spiritualization of the Rastafarian race. Pop Matters notes that â€Å"Tosh believed deeply in his cause; it was part of his spiritual life as a devotee to Rastafari and he fought for it. Tosh had run in’s with officials where he blew smoke in their faces. To him, marijuana was righteous and this record wasn’t some childish call to get high-it was a vital shout for religious freedom† (2011). Legalize It is a brilliant example of how music can be used to emphasize lyrics and vise-versa. Elvis made his name as a hip-shaking, gyrating, rebel rousing pop musician in the 1950’s and 1960’s. Peter Tosh was just as rebellious, albeit with a different message. Taken together, we have two very passionate vocalists with the power to send a message through music to the masses. Although the songs use different styles, they have a common ground and that is the message that comes with the music. The ability to deliver an inspiring message to the masses is a powerful gift used by monarchs, governments and songwriters to this day. Bibliography: Lyrics to Jailhouse Rock (1957) Jerry Lieber and MikeStoller All Music (2014) All Music – Elvis Presley – Awards. Available at: http://www.allmusic.com/artist/elvis-presley-mn0000180228/awards (Accessed: 28 February 2014). British Broadcasting Corporation (2008) BBC – About the BBC. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/info/purpose/ (Accessed: 19 February 2008). Cracked (2011) Cracked – The Top 6 Most Misunderstood Pop Songs Of All Time. Available at: http://www.cracked.com/funny-6453-the-top-6-most-misunderstood-pop-songs-all-time/ (Accessed: 28 February 2014). Independent (2013) Independent Move over Bob Marley: Peter Tosh is finally getting the recognition he deserves. Available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/move-over-bob-marley-peter-tosh-is-finally-getting-the-recognition-he-deserves-8914028.html (Accessed: 28 February 2014). Official Charts (2014) Official Charts – Elvis Presley. Available at: http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/elvis presley (Accessed: 28 February 2014). PopMatters (2011) PopMatters – Peter Tosh: Legalize It/Equal Rights. Available at: http://www.popmatters.com/review/143907-peter-tosh-legalize-it-legacy-edition-equal-rights-legacy-edition/ (Accessed: 28 February 2014).

Wutherin Heights Essay Example For Students

Wutherin Heights Essay Through the duration of Heathcliff’s life, he encounters many tumultuous events that affects him as a person and transforms his rage deeper into his soul, for which he is unable to escape his nature. From the beginning of the novel and most likely from the beginning of Heathcliff’s life, he has suffered pain and rejection. When Mr. Earnshaw brings him to Wuthering Heights, he is viewed as a thing rather than a child. Mrs. Earnshaw was ready to fling it out the doors, while Nelly put it on the landing of the stairs hoping that it would be gone the next day. Without having done anything to deserve rejection, Heathcliff is made to feel like an outsider. Following the death of Mr. Earnshaw, Heathcliff suffers cruel mistreatment at the hands of Hindley. In these tender years, he is deprived of love, friendship, and education, while the treatment from jealous Hindley is barbaric and disrupts his mental balance. He is separated from the family, reduced to the status of a serva nt, undergoes regular beatings and forcibly separated from his soul mate, Catherine. The personality that Heathcliff develops in his adulthood has been formed in response to these hardships of his childhood. The final sense of alienation and the most implicating occurs with Catherine’s marriage to Edgar, Heathcliff considers this a betrayal of his love for her, since she wants the social status and existence at the Grange. Heathcliff is however proud and determined and does not cower when opposed by those consider themselves to be superiors. Finally, when he realizes that Catherine has chosen status, wealth and position over him, he disappears for three years and returns in the manner of a gentleman. As he returns to Wuthering Heights, he is engulfed with this passion to revenge himself on all those who have abused him as a child. He ruins Hindley by encouraging his excessive drinking and gambling. His revenge is also directed towards Edgar Linton, whom he sees as having stol en Catherine from him. His sullen, vengeful, cruel and impatient characteristics still exist, which have been present since childhood, but have grown deeper. He is, in reality, a man torn between love and hate. Since his depths of his passions, he hates as deeply as he loves. As Heathcliff approaches death and a reunion of Catherine, he no longer has an interest for revenge. He falls deeply into a spiritual torment. Heathcliff is a many faced character, in his early years he is characterizes by his hot temper, his irritability, his fierce attachment to Catherine and his limit for hatred. The adult Heathcliff, who returns to Wuthering Heights after a three year absence, is a powerful villain driven by revenge, distorted by the sense of the wrongs done to him and made emotionally unstable by Catherine’s marriage. This later Heathcliff is characterized by coldness by an incapacity to love and ultimately by consuming passion for revenge against those who have abused him and for c onnection with his beloved Catherine. Just as he begins life, he ends life as an unloved, lonely outsider. Bibliography:

How to Answer the AP US History Exam in a Boring Format

How to Answer the AP US History Exam in a Boring FormatIf you are wondering how to answer the AP US History Exam in a Boring Format then this tutorial is for you. While the actual essay questions are relatively easy, I have found that these exams have been increasingly harder in recent years. This is mainly due to the fact that the standardized tests are now taking into account the way that students learn, and as a result the tests are more demanding and harder to answer.The first question that you should ask yourself when reviewing the exam is how much time do you think you have spent studying the material. To be honest, I have had very little time to spend on my essays, especially in the subject of American History. Over the past few years I have learned that I can get by with a bit more time and practice before writing an essay. However when I get to the last couple of weeks before the test, I find that I am lacking in all areas of my studying.The best way to combat this problem i s to use help. To help prepare for the AP US History Exam in a Boring Format you need to learn how to make use of various resources, and get them on your side. One way that I am able to do this is by researching the material on my own. This means that if I am confused or need a guide I will simply read the books or articles about the subject. However, one of the great advantages of learning online is that I can learn at my own pace.As a result of the research method I am able to answer a large number of questions on the subject without completely burning out, and also save time because I am not spending time researching and getting all the facts. With some people this could be an issue, but if you feel that you need to study then this method can be effective. As a result of using the resources of the internet you are not wasting time researching.Another thing that you need to be aware of is that once you are done studying for the test you will still need to make sure that you do eno ugh practice. This is because you will not be asked to just answer random essays that are similar to the ones that you already know. Your actual sample essay will be very different from the previous one, and you need to be prepared.Another thing that you need to remember is that the sample essay is not the final exam. While it is a great way to improve your study skills, there are no guarantees that you will pass on the test. If you did not follow this article and failed to prepare then I suggest that you check out the resources on my site.While there are a number of sources for study guides, there are a few things that you should look for. First of all you want to make sure that the source that you are reading is written by someone who is a member of the organization you want to join. This will allow you to know that the information provided is real and not written by somebody who is trying to sell you on a product.Another great resource for studying for the AP US History Exam in a Boring Format is the private tutoring that I used. With this I was able to learn how to answer the question and also gain a great deal of practice that I could not have gotten in the classroom. If you would like to learn more about the private tutoring program then please visit my website for more information.

The Future of Transmedia Storytelling Essays - Marketing

The Future of Transmedia Storytelling Since the beginning of humanity, storytelling has been an essential part of growth and development allowing individuals to share information. The first forms of storytelling included gestures, drawings, and vocalizations. As humanity evolved, more advanced communication developed. For example, storytelling evolved to using language and text. Today, there are various forms of communication, and storytelling continues to be essential in our society for transferring information in the form of transmedia. Relative to time, transmedia is very new. The use of transmedia requires a variety of media outlets and mediums. The way in which storytelling is implemented has developed critically making it hard to consider how advanced technology will become in the future. Some possibilities of transmedia that may appear in the future include virtual reality movies and shows and advertisement development. These new changes can be attributed to the increasingly infrequent use of physical books and newspapers. Many businesses use transmedia to share their stories through advertisements. Advertisements are a modern form of storytelling that can be quite effective. With the large amount of media outlets and different people watching each one, utilizing as many outlets as possible ensures that many people will hear and learn about the business. In the future, advertisements will continue to develop. Furthermore, the number of commercials and advertisements in media has Increased rapidly within the past decade. In addition, the length of commercials on TV have lengthened significantly. Websites and applications such as YouTube, Pandora, Facebook, and many others have added advertisements in between songs and videos. This trend will continue to expand across more popular websites and applications. Furthermore, the amount of time people spend viewing a screen every day is increasing and will likely continue increasing. This trend leads to more exposure to advertisements as their screen time increases and more applications and websites implement advertisements. Screens and advertisements go hand in hand. As more things become accessible from the leisure of your home, more people will utilize technology to gain and transfer information. This is common in our culture: a sense of speed and ease. Another form of advertisement that will appear more frequently is advertisements within linked devices. Today the linkage between electrical devices is become becoming more apparent. As the moves in that direction so will advisements. Your phone, alarm clock, music, car, TV, and any other electronics will be all synced together. The future of advertisements will also follow this pattern. Advertisements will be a part of all these linked devices. (Wong) As technology continues to advance, the way stories are told is also changing. For example, the advancements in virtual reality have been improving each year. Just as virtual reality video games allow individuals to experience the game themselves as if they were truly physically there, movies have the potential to get there as well. An individual would be able to watch a movie while moving around in that setting, experiencing the movie firsthand. In fact, IMAX and Google are coordinating and creating plans to invent a virtual reality camera (Cuthbertson). In addition, this would allow individuals to view the same movie repeatedly, but from different vantage points. Furthermore, there was a movie released in 2008 named Vantage Point which portrayed one incident from three different vantage points. The actual event captured was only about half hour in length. Similarly, this is how the "virtual reality" movie experience would work. A viewer could watch the movie multiple times, disc overing novel and interesting details each time. Currently, there are 360 video clips, but they are limited and have a person stay in one stationary spot versus moving around. Virtual reality movies are another way that storytelling will occur in transmedia. In addition to virtual reality movies, TV shows will also adapt to this new feature. The difference could be the possibility of including virtual reality commercials in television. A possible example of this would be including commercials that require individuals to complete a short task to continue watching the show. Presently, commercials implement visual aids to keep viewers entertained, but virtual reality commercials would rely more on tasks or game like commercials to reach the same goal. Furthermore, as the internet, movies, and video games continue